Wed 31 Mar 2010
Posted by Slavik under monitoring, Oracle, patching, security
No Comments
Paul Wright published an interesting post about how you can find traces of Java privilege escalation attacks in the database. Great stuff!
Of course, Hedgehog already protects against these published attacks as Paul showed earlier here. Hedgehog comes with build-in vPatch protections that cover the DBMS_JVM_EXP_PERMS and DBMS_JAVA attacks.
Tue 30 Mar 2010
Posted by Slavik under Oracle, technical tips
[17] Comments
Tanel published a great post a while ago talking about Oracle’s sql_id and hash values in Oracle 10g+. I wanted to be able to compute sql_id and hash values directly from SQL statements for our Hedgehog product. I did a few tests and could not match the MD5 value generated from the SQL statement to the MD5 value Oracle is calculating in X$KGLOB.KGLNAHSV. After a short discussion with Tanel, it turned out that Oracle is appending a NULL (‘\0′) value to the statement and then calculates the MD5.
Here is a test and some code in Python:
SYS> select 'Slavik' from dual;
'SLAVI ------ Slavik
SYS> select kglnahsv, kglnahsh from x$kglob where kglnaobj = 'select ''Slavik'' from dual';
KGLNAHSV KGLNAHSH
--------------------------------- ----------
7a483e90555ab4ad24e190abe3e7775d 3823597405
7a483e90555ab4ad24e190abe3e7775d 3823597405
SYS> select sql_id, hash_value, old_hash_value from v$sql where sql_text =
'select ''Slavik'' from dual';
SQL_ID HASH_VALUE OLD_HASH_VALUE
------------- ---------- --------------
29schpgjyfxux 3823597405 3501236764
So, first, let's check that our MD5 matches:
>>> import hashlib
>>> import math
>>> import struct
>>> stmt = "select 'Slavik' from dual"
>>> d = hashlib.md5(stmt + '\x00').digest()
>>> struct.unpack('IIII', d)[3]
3823597405
>>> h = ''
>>> for i in struct.unpack('IIII', d):
h += hex(i)[2:]
>>> h
'7a483e90555ab4ad24e190abe3e7775d'
Good, all seem to match!
Now, let's create some utility functions:
def sqlid_2_hash(sqlid):
sum = 0
i = 1
alphabet = '0123456789abcdfghjkmnpqrstuvwxyz'
for ch in sqlid:
sum += alphabet.index(ch) * (32**(len(sqlid) - i))
i += 1
return sum % (2 ** 32)
def stmt_2_sqlid(stmt):
h = hashlib.md5(stmt + '\x00').digest()
(d1,d2,msb,lsb) = struct.unpack('IIII', h)
sqln = msb * (2 ** 32) + lsb
stop = math.log(sqln, math.e) / math.log(32, math.e) + 1
sqlid = ''
alphabet = '0123456789abcdfghjkmnpqrstuvwxyz'
for i in range(0, stop):
sqlid = alphabet[(sqln / (32 ** i)) % 32] + sqlid
return sqlid
def stmt_2_hash(stmt):
return struct.unpack('IIII', hashlib.md5(stmt + '\x00').digest())[3]
Let's try them...
>>> stmt_2_hash(stmt)
3823597405
>>> stmt_2_sqlid(stmt)
'29schpgjyfxux'
>>> sqlid_2_hash(stmt_2_sqlid(stmt))
3823597405
Well, it all works. Now, to the real programming…
Sun 7 Mar 2010
Posted by Slavik under Oracle, security
[4] Comments
As you can see here, the Python code handles a specific case of Oracle TNS layer requesting a RESEND of the last packet. I’ve noticed that no matter what client I’m trying to connect with, Oracle is always requesting a RESEND after the initial CONNECT request as you can see here (removed various ACK packets, etc.):
1. Using SQL*Plus
Packet number 13: From: 127.0.0.1 To: 127.0.0.1 Protocol: TCP Src port: 63055 Dst port: 1521 Packet Type: Connect Version: 01 3a SDU/TDU: 8192 / 32512 SERVICE_NAME: db11200 SID: <N/A> HOST: slavik-laptop PROGRAM: sqlplus USER: slavik Payload (216 bytes): 00000 00 d8 00 00 01 00 00 00 01 3a 01 2c 0c 41 20 00 .........:.,.A . 00016 7f ff 7f 08 00 00 01 00 00 9e 00 3a 00 00 08 00 ...........:.... 00032 41 41 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 AA.............. 00048 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28 44 45 53 43 52 ..........(DESCR 00064 49 50 54 49 4f 4e 3d 28 43 4f 4e 4e 45 43 54 5f IPTION=(CONNECT_ 00080 44 41 54 41 3d 28 53 45 52 56 49 43 45 5f 4e 41 DATA=(SERVICE_NA 00096 4d 45 3d 64 62 31 31 32 30 30 29 28 43 49 44 3d ME=db11200)(CID= 00112 28 50 52 4f 47 52 41 4d 3d 73 71 6c 70 6c 75 73 (PROGRAM=sqlplus 00128 29 28 48 4f 53 54 3d 73 6c 61 76 69 6b 2d 6c 61 )(HOST=slavik-la 00144 70 74 6f 70 29 28 55 53 45 52 3d 73 6c 61 76 69 ptop)(USER=slavi 00160 6b 29 29 29 28 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 3d 28 50 52 k)))(ADDRESS=(PR 00176 4f 54 4f 43 4f 4c 3d 54 43 50 29 28 48 4f 53 54 OTOCOL=TCP)(HOST 00192 3d 31 32 37 2e 30 2e 30 2e 31 29 28 50 4f 52 54 =127.0.0.1)(PORT 00208 3d 31 35 32 31 29 29 29 =1521))) Packet number 15: From: 127.0.0.1 To: 127.0.0.1 Protocol: TCP Src port: 1521 Dst port: 63055 Packet Type: Resend Payload (8 bytes): 00000 00 08 00 00 0b 00 00 00 ........ Packet number 17: From: 127.0.0.1 To: 127.0.0.1 Protocol: TCP Src port: 63055 Dst port: 1521 Packet Type: Connect Version: 01 3a SDU/TDU: 8192 / 32512 SERVICE_NAME: db11200 SID: <N/A> HOST: slavik-laptop PROGRAM: sqlplus USER: slavik Payload (216 bytes): 00000 00 d8 00 00 01 00 00 00 01 3a 01 2c 0c 41 20 00 .........:.,.A . 00016 7f ff 7f 08 00 00 01 00 00 9e 00 3a 00 00 08 00 ...........:.... 00032 41 41 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 AA.............. 00048 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28 44 45 53 43 52 ..........(DESCR 00064 49 50 54 49 4f 4e 3d 28 43 4f 4e 4e 45 43 54 5f IPTION=(CONNECT_ 00080 44 41 54 41 3d 28 53 45 52 56 49 43 45 5f 4e 41 DATA=(SERVICE_NA 00096 4d 45 3d 64 62 31 31 32 30 30 29 28 43 49 44 3d ME=db11200)(CID= 00112 28 50 52 4f 47 52 41 4d 3d 73 71 6c 70 6c 75 73 (PROGRAM=sqlplus 00128 29 28 48 4f 53 54 3d 73 6c 61 76 69 6b 2d 6c 61 )(HOST=slavik-la 00144 70 74 6f 70 29 28 55 53 45 52 3d 73 6c 61 76 69 ptop)(USER=slavi 00160 6b 29 29 29 28 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 3d 28 50 52 k)))(ADDRESS=(PR 00176 4f 54 4f 43 4f 4c 3d 54 43 50 29 28 48 4f 53 54 OTOCOL=TCP)(HOST 00192 3d 31 32 37 2e 30 2e 30 2e 31 29 28 50 4f 52 54 =127.0.0.1)(PORT 00208 3d 31 35 32 31 29 29 29 =1521))) Packet number 19: From: 127.0.0.1 To: 127.0.0.1 Protocol: TCP Src port: 1521 Dst port: 63055 Packet Type: Accept Accepted: Yes Payload (32 bytes): 00000 00 20 00 00 02 00 00 00 01 3a 0c 41 20 00 7f ff . .......:.A ... 00016 01 00 00 00 00 20 41 41 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ..... AA........
2. Using JDBC Type 4
Packet number 4: From: 127.0.0.1 To: 127.0.0.1 Protocol: TCP Src port: 49699 Dst port: 1521 Packet Type: Connect Version: 01 36 SDU/TDU: 8192 / 32512 SERVICE_NAME: <N/A> SID: db11200 HOST: __jdbc__ PROGRAM: JDBC Thin Client USER: slavik Payload (211 bytes): 00000 00 d3 00 00 01 00 00 00 01 36 01 2c 0e 41 20 00 .........6.,.A . 00016 7f ff 4f 98 00 00 00 01 00 99 00 3a 00 00 00 00 ..O........:.... 00032 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 00048 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28 44 45 53 43 52 ..........(DESCR 00064 49 50 54 49 4f 4e 3d 28 43 4f 4e 4e 45 43 54 5f IPTION=(CONNECT_ 00080 44 41 54 41 3d 28 53 49 44 3d 64 62 31 31 32 30 DATA=(SID=db1120 00096 30 29 28 43 49 44 3d 28 50 52 4f 47 52 41 4d 3d 0)(CID=(PROGRAM= 00112 4a 44 42 43 20 54 68 69 6e 20 43 6c 69 65 6e 74 JDBC Thin Client 00128 29 28 48 4f 53 54 3d 5f 5f 6a 64 62 63 5f 5f 29 )(HOST=__jdbc__) 00144 28 55 53 45 52 3d 73 6c 61 76 69 6b 29 29 29 28 (USER=slavik)))( 00160 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 3d 28 50 52 4f 54 4f 43 4f ADDRESS=(PROTOCO 00176 4c 3d 74 63 70 29 28 48 4f 53 54 3d 6c 6f 63 61 L=tcp)(HOST=loca 00192 6c 68 6f 73 74 29 28 50 4f 52 54 3d 31 35 32 31 lhost)(PORT=1521 00208 29 29 29 ))) Packet number 6: From: 127.0.0.1 To: 127.0.0.1 Protocol: TCP Src port: 1521 Dst port: 49699 Packet Type: Resend Payload (8 bytes): 00000 00 08 00 00 0b 00 00 00 ........ Packet number 8: From: 127.0.0.1 To: 127.0.0.1 Protocol: TCP Src port: 49699 Dst port: 1521 Packet Type: Connect Version: 01 36 SDU/TDU: 8192 / 32512 SERVICE_NAME: <N/A> SID: db11200 HOST: __jdbc__ PROGRAM: JDBC Thin Client USER: slavik Payload (211 bytes): 00000 00 d3 00 00 01 00 00 00 01 36 01 2c 0e 41 20 00 .........6.,.A . 00016 7f ff 4f 98 00 00 00 01 00 99 00 3a 00 00 00 00 ..O........:.... 00032 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 00048 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28 44 45 53 43 52 ..........(DESCR 00064 49 50 54 49 4f 4e 3d 28 43 4f 4e 4e 45 43 54 5f IPTION=(CONNECT_ 00080 44 41 54 41 3d 28 53 49 44 3d 64 62 31 31 32 30 DATA=(SID=db1120 00096 30 29 28 43 49 44 3d 28 50 52 4f 47 52 41 4d 3d 0)(CID=(PROGRAM= 00112 4a 44 42 43 20 54 68 69 6e 20 43 6c 69 65 6e 74 JDBC Thin Client 00128 29 28 48 4f 53 54 3d 5f 5f 6a 64 62 63 5f 5f 29 )(HOST=__jdbc__) 00144 28 55 53 45 52 3d 73 6c 61 76 69 6b 29 29 29 28 (USER=slavik)))( 00160 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 3d 28 50 52 4f 54 4f 43 4f ADDRESS=(PROTOCO 00176 4c 3d 74 63 70 29 28 48 4f 53 54 3d 6c 6f 63 61 L=tcp)(HOST=loca 00192 6c 68 6f 73 74 29 28 50 4f 52 54 3d 31 35 32 31 lhost)(PORT=1521 00208 29 29 29 ))) Packet number 10: From: 127.0.0.1 To: 127.0.0.1 Protocol: TCP Src port: 1521 Dst port: 49699 Packet Type: Accept Accepted: Yes Payload (32 bytes): 00000 00 20 00 00 02 00 00 00 01 36 0e 41 20 00 7f ff . .......6.A ... 00016 01 00 00 00 00 20 41 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ..... A.........
3. Using an OCI with 10g client
Packet number 4: From: 127.0.0.1 To: 127.0.0.1 Protocol: TCP Src port: 40196 Dst port: 1521 Packet Type: Connect Version: 01 39 SDU/TDU: 2048 / 32512 SERVICE_NAME: db11200 SID: <N/A> HOST: slavik-laptop PROGRAM: ocitest USER: slavik Payload (216 bytes): 00000 00 d8 00 00 01 00 00 00 01 39 01 2c 0c 01 08 00 .........9.,.... 00016 7f ff 7f 08 00 00 01 00 00 9e 00 3a 00 00 02 00 ...........:.... 00032 41 41 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 AA.............. 00048 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28 44 45 53 43 52 ..........(DESCR 00064 49 50 54 49 4f 4e 3d 28 43 4f 4e 4e 45 43 54 5f IPTION=(CONNECT_ 00080 44 41 54 41 3d 28 53 45 52 56 49 43 45 5f 4e 41 DATA=(SERVICE_NA 00096 4d 45 3d 64 62 31 31 32 30 30 29 28 43 49 44 3d ME=db11200)(CID= 00112 28 50 52 4f 47 52 41 4d 3d 6f 63 69 74 65 73 74 (PROGRAM=ocitest 00128 29 28 48 4f 53 54 3d 73 6c 61 76 69 6b 2d 6c 61 )(HOST=slavik-la 00144 70 74 6f 70 29 28 55 53 45 52 3d 73 6c 61 76 69 ptop)(USER=slavi 00160 6b 29 29 29 28 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 3d 28 50 52 k)))(ADDRESS=(PR 00176 4f 54 4f 43 4f 4c 3d 54 43 50 29 28 48 4f 53 54 OTOCOL=TCP)(HOST 00192 3d 31 32 37 2e 30 2e 30 2e 31 29 28 50 4f 52 54 =127.0.0.1)(PORT 00208 3d 31 35 32 31 29 29 29 =1521))) Packet number 6: From: 127.0.0.1 To: 127.0.0.1 Protocol: TCP Src port: 1521 Dst port: 40196 Packet Type: Resend Payload (8 bytes): 00000 00 08 00 00 0b 00 00 00 ........ Packet number 8: From: 127.0.0.1 To: 127.0.0.1 Protocol: TCP Src port: 40196 Dst port: 1521 Packet Type: Connect Version: 01 39 SDU/TDU: 2048 / 32512 SERVICE_NAME: db11200 SID: <N/A> HOST: slavik-laptop PROGRAM: ocitest USER: slavik Payload (216 bytes): 00000 00 d8 00 00 01 00 00 00 01 39 01 2c 0c 01 08 00 .........9.,.... 00016 7f ff 7f 08 00 00 01 00 00 9e 00 3a 00 00 02 00 ...........:.... 00032 41 41 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 AA.............. 00048 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28 44 45 53 43 52 ..........(DESCR 00064 49 50 54 49 4f 4e 3d 28 43 4f 4e 4e 45 43 54 5f IPTION=(CONNECT_ 00080 44 41 54 41 3d 28 53 45 52 56 49 43 45 5f 4e 41 DATA=(SERVICE_NA 00096 4d 45 3d 64 62 31 31 32 30 30 29 28 43 49 44 3d ME=db11200)(CID= 00112 28 50 52 4f 47 52 41 4d 3d 6f 63 69 74 65 73 74 (PROGRAM=ocitest 00128 29 28 48 4f 53 54 3d 73 6c 61 76 69 6b 2d 6c 61 )(HOST=slavik-la 00144 70 74 6f 70 29 28 55 53 45 52 3d 73 6c 61 76 69 ptop)(USER=slavi 00160 6b 29 29 29 28 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 3d 28 50 52 k)))(ADDRESS=(PR 00176 4f 54 4f 43 4f 4c 3d 54 43 50 29 28 48 4f 53 54 OTOCOL=TCP)(HOST 00192 3d 31 32 37 2e 30 2e 30 2e 31 29 28 50 4f 52 54 =127.0.0.1)(PORT 00208 3d 31 35 32 31 29 29 29 =1521))) Packet number 10: From: 127.0.0.1 To: 127.0.0.1 Protocol: TCP Src port: 1521 Dst port: 40196 Packet Type: Accept Accepted: Yes Payload (32 bytes): 00000 00 20 00 00 02 00 00 00 01 39 0c 01 08 00 7f ff . .......9...... 00016 01 00 00 00 00 20 41 41 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ..... AA........
This is using an Oracle server 11gR2 (11.2.0.1) 64bit.
So, my question is – why? Is this a clumsy attempt to thwart discovery tools? Some sort of a defense mechanism?
I would appreciate any insights here. I’m sure that there are knowledgeable people out there who know the answer.
Fri 5 Mar 2010
Posted by Slavik under sentrigo
No Comments
We had a great time at the SC magazine awards dinner on Tuesday. We were finalists in the “best SME security solution” category but unfortunately we did not win.
Here is Andy, our VP marketing before the dinner and announcements:
And here he is after some wine and us not winning:
Tue 2 Mar 2010
So, I arrived to Moscone Center a bit late for the first cloud security alliance session. It turns out that there was a huge line to enter and a lot of people were left outside.
Having a free 1.5 hours, I wanted to connect and check emails. I’ve already received my password so I thought it will be a simple matter but alas, I was wrong. It turns out that the conference has instructions to connect using Windows and MacOS but no Linux instructions in sight. Thinking that it is still a simple matter, I tried several combinations of username / password but eventually gave up and approached the connect assistants. It turns out that I was missing a certificate file to authenticate the access point. With the certificate I got, I tried again but without success. I verified that everything is correctly configured and then decided to do the best thing in such situations:
Restart the machine!
As expected, everything connected and started working…
I wonder if this technique also works for cars – if your car stops, turn off the engine, exit the car and lock the doors and then unlock and start the engine. I think I will try it next time I have car problems 
Fri 26 Feb 2010
Posted by Slavik under Oracle, security
[2] Comments
As promised, here is a small Python script to allow you to enumerate and find Oracle SIDs.
Of course, the usual caveats apply – if it breaks something, I’m not responsible Use at your own risk. I’m using the sidlist.txt file from David’s OAK but there are plenty of available resources with common SID lists.
Update: Alex graciously let me know that he was the one that originally created the SID list and also granted me permission to use his latest version with the script.
Here are some usage details:
slavik@slavik-laptop:~/Oracle/Security/osid-enum$ ./osid-guess.py Usage: osid-guess.py [options]
osid-guess.py: error: You must provide the host of the listener
slavik@slavik-laptop:~/Oracle/Security/osid-enum$ ./osid-guess.py -h
Usage: osid-guess.py [options] Try to find the Oracle SID iterating a list of potential SIDs from a file or from stdin Options: --version show program's version number and exit -h, --help show this help message and exit Target options: Specify the location of the listener -t HOST, --host=HOST The host running the listener -p PORT, --port=PORT The port of the listener [1521] -s SIDLIST, --sidlist=SIDLIST The filename containing the sids to try [stdin if missing] End user details: Specify end user details to send to the listener -u USER, --user=USER The user to provide to the listener [SCOTT] -a PROGRAM, --program=PROGRAM The program name to provide to the listner [sqlplus] -m MACHINE, --machine=MACHINE The name of the machine to provide to the listener [localhost]
General options: General options to control verbose output, etc. -q, --quiet don't print status messages to stdout [output progress to stdout by default] slavik@slavik-laptop:~/Oracle/Security/osid-enum$ ./osid-guess.py -t localhost Receiving service names from stdout Opening connection to localhost:1521 test Trying SERVICE_NAME - test Trying SID - test aaa Trying SERVICE_NAME - aaa Trying SID - aaa db11200 Trying SERVICE_NAME - db11200 Listener supports service db11200 Trying SID - db11200 Listener supports sid db11200 On *nix, you need to press Ctrl-D between names slavik@slavik-laptop:~/Oracle/Security/osid-enum$ ./osid-guess.py -t localhost -s sid.txt -q Listener supports service DB11200 Listener supports sid DB11200
So, that’s it. A very simple utility that does not have any pre-requisites (except Python, of course).
I’d love to hear some feedback…
Mon 22 Feb 2010
Posted by Slavik under Oracle, security, SQL*Plus
No Comments
Sumit Siddarth (Sid) has published an excellent whitepaper talking about hacking Oracle from the web. It shows many types and techniques of SQL injection and how to use an SQL injection vulnerability as a jumping point to extract data, take control of the database and even escape the database to the OS.
Security folks and DBAs out there, this is a must read!
Fri 19 Feb 2010
Posted by Slavik under Oracle, OUG, security
[2] Comments
I had a great time at RMOUG this year. Did one of my usual presentation about attack vectors on the database and how to defend against them. I think the presentation was well received and the attendees loved the demos – I mostly just demonstrate instead of going through slides.
One of my favorite demos is what I call “from nothing to DBA in 5 simple steps”.
Basically, I start with finding databases (using tools like nmap), guessing the SID, enumerating the usernames, attacking the password and then running one of the privilege escalation attacks. Of course, there are many other options, including attacking the listener instead or sniffing the network but I find that this demo usually sets the right mood for the rest of the presentation.
In some of my next posts, I’m going to publish some of the scripts I wrote for the above demo starting with a nice little script to enumerate and guess Oracle service names.
A picture of people arriving before the presentation (click to see the full picture)…
People arriving to my presentation
Mon 15 Feb 2010
Posted by Slavik under Oracle, SQL injection
No Comments
A really well written blog post from Mike Smithers about the need to validate data from all sources – also coming from the database.
Good one…
Sat 6 Feb 2010
Posted by Slavik under security, technical tips
[3] Comments
As part of my continued crusade to get rid of all database errors returned from the application to the user, one of our developers sent me the following error message coming from Salesforce.com:
SF Error
So, what can we learn from the error?
All in all, I’d say that SF did a good, secure job in implementing the application (bind variables, etc.) but missed the “never return DB errors to the customer” part.
So, what will it take to educate developers not to display errors? Thoughts?